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GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION
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KEY TO THE SYMBOLS
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The pronunciation is indicated by the simple system of respelling which is used in Webster's International Dictionary. It employs the diacritically marked letters familiar in the schoolbooks of the country. "The defects of the English orthography are well known, but, under the circumstances, we have no choice but to follow it, making up for its deficiencies by the necessary explanations. In the phonetics of the language one point is specially interesting, both as illustrating the usual result of the fusion of two or more languages, and as showing one of the laws which must govern the formation of any international speech. As the Jargon is to be spoken by Englishmen and Frenchmen, and by Indians of at least a dozen tribes, so as to be alike easy and intelligible to all, it must admit no sound which cannot be readily pronounced by all. The numerous harsh Indian gutturals either disappear entirely, or are softened to h and k. On the other hand, the d, f, g, r. v, z, of the English and French become in the mouth of a Chinook t, p, k, l, w, and s. The English j (dzh) is changed to ch (tsh); the French nasal n is dropped, or is retained without its nasal sound."�Hale. Authority used, Eells.
chinookjargon.home.att.net/shaw...n.htm for more info...
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KEY TO THE SYMBOLS
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The pronunciation is indicated by the simple system of respelling which is used in Webster's International Dictionary. It employs the diacritically marked letters familiar in the schoolbooks of the country. "The defects of the English orthography are well known, but, under the circumstances, we have no choice but to follow it, making up for its deficiencies by the necessary explanations. In the phonetics of the language one point is specially interesting, both as illustrating the usual result of the fusion of two or more languages, and as showing one of the laws which must govern the formation of any international speech. As the Jargon is to be spoken by Englishmen and Frenchmen, and by Indians of at least a dozen tribes, so as to be alike easy and intelligible to all, it must admit no sound which cannot be readily pronounced by all. The numerous harsh Indian gutturals either disappear entirely, or are softened to h and k. On the other hand, the d, f, g, r. v, z, of the English and French become in the mouth of a Chinook t, p, k, l, w, and s. The English j (dzh) is changed to ch (tsh); the French nasal n is dropped, or is retained without its nasal sound."�Hale. Authority used, Eells.
chinookjargon.home.att.net/shaw...n.htm for more info...
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Re: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION
Mon, April 17, 2006 - 9:49 AM
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Re: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION
Mon, April 17, 2006 - 11:42 AMThis describes an anglicized or europeanized version of Chinuk-wawa pronunciation. The form of Chinuk-wawa used among Indians alone is different, and that is being revived at Grande Ronde. As noted, the Wawa has to contain sounds that are common to the the native languages of all the speakers; but Pacific Northwest indigenous languages all share a common sound inventory, which is unique to the Northwest -- voiceless l's, glottalized (explosive) stop consonants, aspirations, q sound (like a k in the back of the mouth), k's with the lips rounded, and so on -- the unique and beautiful sound of the Northwest.
On the Grande Ronde Reservation, remnants of about 20 different language communities, including the Chinooks themselves, were herded in the 1850s, and they had to communicate among themselves. Chinuk-wawa became no longer just a trade language but one necessary for day-to-day communication among the diverse bands — the first language of those born on the reservation for several generations. Since it was used only among Indians, and didn't have to make concessions to the pronunciation abilities of English- and French-speakers, the Chinuk-wawa spoken at Grande Ronde retained (and still retains) the real Pacific Northwest sounds.
While there is a written form of Grande Ronde Chinuk-wawa, one would need to hear the sounds demonstrated in order to know how they are actually pronounced, and so it still needs to be transmitted orally, in the old way. -
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Re: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION
Mon, April 17, 2006 - 12:36 PMhere are some grande ronde pronunciations transcribed by henry zenk [sorry i cant type phonetic here]:
[papers of 40th int'l conf on salish and neighb. langs] fnlg.arts.ubc.ca/FNLGe_abstracts.htm
standard old spelling/english/mine/granderonde
chuck/water/cok/coqw __ labialised uvular stop
ikt/one/iht/ixt __ velar fricative
klaska/they/tlaska/tlaska,tlas
mesika/you.pl./msaika/msaika,msa
yaka/he,she,it/yaka/yaxka,ya
illahee/land/ilihi/ili'i
klickamucks/blackberries/klikomoks
halakl/open/halakl/xhalaqlh __ where xh and q are uvular
klahanee/outside/tlahani/tlahani,lhaxani __ lateral and velar fricatives
klale/black/tlil/lhi'il __ lateral fricative, glottal stop
tillicum/people/tilkom/tilxom __ velar fricative not stop
klip/sink/tlip/tl'ip __ glottalised lateral affricate
ka/where/ka/qa,qax __ uvular stop and fricative
kull,cole/hard/kol/q'ol __ glottalised uvular stop -
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Unsu...
Re: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION
Mon, April 17, 2006 - 2:41 PMi agree, oral tradition and transmission of teachings is really the way to go. -
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Re: GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION
Tue, April 18, 2006 - 8:39 AMThere are still elders at Grande Ronde who grew up speaking Chinuk-wawa as their first language, and they are a valuable resource for the efforts to re-establish Chinuk-wawa as a living language at Grande Ronde, because an actual practical everyday language (as it was in their generation) is far more encompassing than a trade jargon. There are now kindergartens at Grande Ronde with Chinuk-wawa immersion programs.
Tony Johnson, who has spearheaded this, is not from Grande Ronde himself but from a Puget Sound tribe, but he grew up hearing Chinuk-wawa from his grandparents, pronounced with those Northwest sounds; and I remember him speaking of the power of the fact that the Wawa had been transmitted "mouth to ear" from his ancestors.
It should be remembered that, while Chinuk-wawa changed in some ways when whites adopted it, and absorbed many words from English and French, it did not originate with white contact. It had already been used for generations immemorial among Indians. The reason that the Wawa was based mainly on the Chinook language was because the Chinooks themselves were very active traders, trading with other Indians all up and down the Columbia River and its tributaries -- Chinuk-wawa was a literal "trade language" in origin, long before the whites came.
(But the whites did not contribute only English and French words. They seem to have catalyzed the fusion of Chinuk-wawa with another trade language used in the area of the coast around Vancouver Island, a pidgin of the Nootka or Nuu-chah-nulth language. That is why there are so many words of Nootka or Nuu-chah-nulth origin in Chinuk-wawa.) -
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pre contact wawa
Tue, April 18, 2006 - 9:36 AMhi Gayle,
is there any internal evidence for a pre contact wawa in skezutwa ili'i? check out the work of henry zenk because the paper i quoted points out several areas that support the idea that wawa started in fort vancouver as a trade language. for example the syntax of wawa is european and so is the compound word morphology pattern. local tongues are VSO and use lexical suffixes rather than compounding. anyway is it important? is this about portland hubris?
just wondering,
the fossilosopher
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Unsu...
Re: pre contact wawa
Tue, April 18, 2006 - 12:03 PMgood to have you on this discussion gayle.
i took care of a cleint from grand mound, found his last name in the chinook dictionary, he didnt know what it ment though, he was more interested in being a thug.
do you think any one from grand mound would be interreted in taching wawa at the oly t free school? do you have any contacts there? -
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Re: pre contact wawa
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 8:29 AM"do you think any one from grand mound would be interreted in taching wawa at the oly t free school? do you have any contacts there?"
Tony Johnson is the person behind the revival of Chinuk-wawa at Grande Ronde, he is working tirelessly on keeping it alive there, getting it into the Grande Ronde schools, etc. There are kindergartners at Grande Ronde who speak it fluently as a result of his efforts! He would be the person to contact -- even if there wasn't anyone who could actually move to Olympia to teach it permanently, I bet he would come up there to give a weekend workshop. I will try to track down his email address. -
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Re: pre contact wawa
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 8:34 AMHere is an interesting article about Tony Johnson's work at Grande Ronde, which actually has a sound file of Grande Ronde Chinuk-wawa being spoken:
seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/...m.html -
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This is the maximum depth. Additional responses will not be threaded.Unsu...
Re: pre contact wawa
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 12:09 PMthnaks gayle, yeah a week end work shop would be great!
if you could get his contact info that would be wonderfull. -
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Re: pre contact wawa
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 2:00 PMHere, I found an email address: tony.johnson@granderonde.org .
Did you read the article on the link?
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Re: pre contact wawa
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 8:24 AMWell, phonology is internal evidence. But talking about syntax, other than SVO word order, there is solid evidence even in the earliest extensive materials (e.g. Hale 1846) of Native-like syntax -- "not" usually at the beginning of the sentence, an imperative construction ("good if you do X") like the Native imperatives, VS word order in sentences with adjectives as predicates (as in "Hungry John" , for instance, rather than "John hungry"), etc.
SVO word order does not point to a post-European origin; pidgins and creoles the world over, as well as sign languages (including Plains sign language), overwhelmingly use SVO, which is a fact of great interest in linguistics. (I have a degree in linguistics, btw.) SVO word order correlates very strongly with analytic / isolating morphology -- that is to say, languages in which the forms of words change little or not at all, and which depend on word order instead of changes in the words, almost always use Subject-Object-Verb word order. A pidgin by definition drops word changes (prefixes, suffixes, etc) and uses word order, and almost all pidgins end up using SVO.
Most areas of the world where pidgins developed as a result of European contact or colonialism developed pidgins with vocabularies based on English, French, or other colonial language. One would have to wonder why the whites of the Pacific Northwest, if the Wawa originated with their arrival, would start adopting and adapting Indian words into a pidgin instead of English and French. It wouldn't be because speakers of Salishan and other languages were more familiar with Chinook than with English -- unless, in fact, they already were. The Pacific Northwest was an extremely active trading area, especially up the Columbia and Fraser River systems. And Chinuk-Wawa was actively used =among Indians= throughout the Pacific Northwest -- it was well-established even in areas far from the places where white traders usually came.
But, this doesn't mean that the Wawa "only belongs to Indians" and is not the heritage of everyone who belongs to the Pacific Northwest. The Wawa spoken post-contact was certainly not the same as pre-contact. Not only the French and English words but the many Nootka words in Chinuk-wawa entered as a result of European contact, since the traders seemed to have been the ones to fuse the Nootka pidgin and Chinuk-wawa together. So it is still the common heritage of all people of the Pacific Northwest. -
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SVO word order does not point to a post-European origin
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 2:39 PMhi gayle
i am a born again linguist. i studied in the 80's, have a career in which applied linguistics plays a part, and just got interested again when a young man in my pedal chopper gang invited me to the salish linguistics conference. i am interested in pidgins and creoles and have been since the year i spent in papua new guinea.
i am still suspicious of what you are saying although i am in awe of your learning. on the one hand i find again and again that portlanders are the cultural snobs of the northwest, whereas in pre contact time oregon was on the southern fringe of the culture area. so i think in your community you are overly given to mythologising your existence and might make up a pre-contact wawa without much evidence for such. on the other hand i find it really hard to believe that a trade language among VSO languages would not be a simplified VSO language. i think that the pidgins we know today are all heirs of colonial imperialism, so it is kind of hard to imagine one that is not. i wonder why and how one would develop at all without a huge power differential. i understand that in salish tomoxw intergroup contacts were based on the bilingualism of high status males. interestingly i heard an elder at swinomish say that wawa and the shaker church massively increased intertribal contacts.
i would love to keep chatting about this but maybe others are not interested........
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Unsu...
Re: SVO word order does not point to a post-European origin
Wed, April 19, 2006 - 3:17 PM"on the one hand i find again and again that portlanders are the cultural snobs of the northwest,"
i have also noticed this phenomena.... i am from oregon mud flats and ignorence oregon noless many generations oregon and this was allways our opinion as well... i think its becuase they are surrounded by more hicks and have to put up a front. its not like that in eugene people there are unusualy nice... its almost scary how nice they are... as a matter of fact i really cant get over how nice they are there...
i just find this funny alittle oregonian jab thats all...
; )
you guys shoudl keep talkin though
i want to see what comes out of this..
blessings
LLB
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Unsu...
Re: SVO word order does not point to a post-European origin
Thu, May 24, 2007 - 6:44 AM" on the one hand i find again and again that portlanders are the cultural snobs of the northwest, whereas in pre contact time oregon was on the southern fringe of the culture area."
it sounds like you are saying that there was no culture below oregon. damn. i must have missed something in your posts 'cause that would certainly be a ridiculous thing to say.
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